BCRAP

Start Date: 2022-03-04

End Date: 2025-03-04

AGREEMENT

(The “Bunda Climate Resilience and Adaptation Project”

Project in Tanzania (United Republic of))

between

THE ADAPTATION FUND BOARD

and

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

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AGREEMENT

The “Bunda Climate Resilience and Adaptation Project” Project in Tanzania (United

Republic of)

between

THE ADAPTATION FUND BOARD

and

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

Whereas, the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC) in its Decision 10/CP.7 decided that an Adaptation Fund (AF) shall

be established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries

that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (Kyoto Protocol);

Whereas, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto

Protocol (CMP) in its Decision 1/CMP.3 decided that the operating entity of the AF shall be the

Adaptation Fund Board (Board), with the mandate to supervise and manage the AF under the

authority and guidance of the CMP;

Whereas, in its Decisions 5/CMP.2 and 1/CMP.3, paragraph 5 (b), the Board adopted the AF

Operational Policies and Guidelines for Parties to Access Resources from the Adaptation Fund,

including the Fiduciary Risk Management Standards to be met by Implementing Entities (AF

Operational Policies and Guidelines1);

Whereas, the proposal submitted by the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) to

the Board seeking access to the resources of the AF in support of the Project, as set out in

Schedule 1 to this Agreement, has been approved by the Board, and the Board has agreed to

make a grant (Grant) to the NEMC for the Project under the terms of this Agreement; and

Whereas, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has agreed to

serve as the Trustee of the AF Trust Fund (Trustee) and, in that capacity, to make transfers of

the Grant to the NEMC on the written instructions of the Board;

The Board and the NEMC have agreed as follows:

1 https://www.adaptation-fund.org/documents-publications/operational-policies-guidelines/

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1. DEFINITIONS

Unless the context otherwise requires, the several terms defined in the Preamble to this

Agreement (Agreement) shall have the respective meanings set forth therein and the following

additional terms shall have the following meanings:

1.01. “Grant” means the AF resources approved by the Board for the Project under this

Agreement and to be transferred by the Trustee to the Implementing Entity on the written

instructions of the Board;

1.02. “Designated Authority” means the authority that has endorsed on behalf of the national

government the Project proposal by the Implementing Entity seeking access to AF resources to

finance the Project;

1.03. “Executing Entity” means the Bunda District Council that will execute the Project under the

overall management of the Implementing Entity;

1.04. “Implementing Entity” means the NEMC that is the party to this Agreement and the

recipient of the Grant;

1.05. “Implementing Entity Grant Account” means the account to be established by the

Implementing Entity to receive, hold and administer the Grant;

1.06. “Secretariat” is the body appointed by the CMP to provide secretariat services to the

Board, consistent with decision 1/CMP.3, paragraphs 3, 18, 19 and 31, which body is currently

the Global Environment Facility (GEF); and

1.07. “AF Trust Fund” means the trust fund for the AF administered by the Trustee in

accordance with the Terms and Conditions of Services to be Provided by the International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development as Trustee for the Adaptation Fund.

2. THE PROJECT AND THE GRANT

2.01. The Board agrees to provide to the NEMC the Grant in a maximum amount equivalent to

One Million Four Hundred Thousand United States Dollars (US$ 1,400,000.00) for the purposes

of the Project. The Project document, which details the purposes for which the Grant is made, is

set out in Schedule 1 to this Agreement. The disbursement schedule and special conditions that

apply to the implementation of the Grant are set out in Schedule 2 to this Agreement.

2.02. The Trustee shall transfer the Grant funds to the NEMC on the written instructions of the

Board. Any subsequent transfer of Grant funds to the Implementing Entity after the first tranche

shall only be transferred after the Board approved the annual Project Performance Reports

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(PPR) referred to in section 7.01.b. Transfers shall be made to the following bank account of the

Implementing Entity in accordance with the disbursement schedule set out in Schedule 2 to this

Agreement:

Legal Owner: National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

Account Title: National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

Account No: 9932446281

Bank Name: Bank of Tanzania (BOT)

Bank Code: 001

Bank Address: 2 Mirambo Street, P.O.Box 2939, 11884 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Bank Swift Code: TANZTZTX

Bank Routing Instructions: N/A

2.03. The Implementing Entity shall make the disbursed Grant funds available to the Bunda

District Council in accordance with its standard practices and procedures.

2.04. The Implementing Entity may convert the Grant into any other currency to facilitate its

disbursement to the Executing Entity.

2.05. Any investment income earned from the Grant funds shall be held in the Implementing

Entity Grant Account and used for the same purposes and administered in accordance with the

terms of this Agreement.

3. ADMINISTRATION OF THE GRANT

3.01. The Implementing Entity shall be responsible for the administration of the Grant and shall

carry out such administration with the same degree of care used in the administration of its own

funds, taking into account the provisions of this Agreement.

3.02. The Implementing Entity shall carry out all its obligations under this Agreement in

accordance with:

(i) the AF Operational Policies and Guidelines2 effective October 2017; and

(ii) the Implementing Entity’s standard practices and procedures.

3.03. The Implementing entity:

2 https://www.adaptation-fund.org/documents-publications/operational-policies-guidelines/

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(i) undertakes to use reasonable efforts, consistent with its standard practices and procedures,

including those pertaining to combating financing for terrorists, to ensure that the Grant funds

provided to the Implementing Entity by the Trustee are used for their intended purposes and are

not diverted to terrorists;

(ii) shall not use the Grant funds for the purpose of any payment to persons or entities, or for the

import of goods, if such payment or import is prohibited by a decision of the United Nations

Security Council taken under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, including under

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and related resolutions;

(iii) shall immediately inform the Board in the event the Grant funds are not being used or have

not been used for the implementation of the Project or of any illegal or corrupt practice. The

Implementing Entity consistent with its standard practices and procedures and integrity of the

investigative process shall keep the Board informed of the progress of any formal investigation

concerning the misuse of Grant funds and provide a final report to the Board on the findings of

such investigation upon its conclusion.

(iv) shall include provisions corresponding to subparagraphs (i) – (ii) above in any agreements

that the Implementing Entity enters into with executing entities to which the Implementing Entity

makes Grant funds available.

3.04. If, during the course of administering the Grant, the Implementing Entity identifies any

material inconsistency between the AF Operational Policies and Guidelines and its own

standard practices and procedures, the NEMC shall: (a) immediately notify the Board, through

the Secretariat, of such inconsistency, and (b) the NEMC and the Board shall discuss and

promptly take any necessary or appropriate action to resolve such inconsistency.

3.05. In the event that the Implementing Entity makes any disbursements of the Grant in a

manner inconsistent with the AF Operational Policies and Guidelines, and these inconsistencies

cannot be resolved as provided in paragraph 3.04, the Implementing Entity shall refund to the

AF Trust Fund, through the Trustee, any such disbursements.

4. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

4.01. The Implementing Entity shall be responsible for the overall management of the Project,

including all financial, monitoring and reporting responsibilities.

4.02. The Implementing Entity shall ensure that the Grant is used exclusively for the purposes of

the Project, and shall refund to the AF Trust Fund, through the Trustee, any disbursements

made for other purposes. Where the Board believes that the Grant has been used for purposes

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other than the Project, it shall inform the Implementing Entity of the reasons supporting its view

and provide the Implementing Entity an opportunity to provide any explanation or justification for

such use.

4.03. Any material change made in the original budget allocation for the Project by the

Implementing Entity, in consultation with the Executing Entity, shall be communicated to the

Board for its approval and shall be made in conformity with the Operational Policies and

Guidelines of the Fund. “Material change” shall mean any cumulative total budget change at

output-level between the revised budget and the original budget that involves ten per cent (10%)

or more of the total budget of the Project.

4.04. The Implementing Entity shall promptly inform the Board, through the Secretariat, of any

conditions that may seriously interfere with its management, or the Executing Entity’s execution,

of the Project or otherwise jeopardize the achievement of the objectives of the Project, providing

detailed information thereof to the Board for its information.

4.05. The Implementing Entity shall be fully responsible for the acts, omissions or negligence of

its employees, agents, representatives and contractors under the Project. The Board shall not

be responsible or liable for any losses, damages or injuries caused to any persons under the

Project resulting from the acts, omissions or negligence of the Implementing Entity’s employees,

agents, representatives and contractors.

5. PROJECT SUSPENSION

5.01. The Board may suspend the Project for reasons that include, but are not limited to:

(i) financial irregularities in the implementation of the Project, or

(ii) a material breach of this Agreement and/or poor implementation performance leading the

Board to conclude that the Project can no longer achieve its objectives;

provided, however, that before the Board makes its final decision (a) the Implementing Entity

shall be given an opportunity to present its views to the Board, through the Secretariat; and/or

(b) the Implementing Entity may make any reasonable proposal to promptly remedy the financial

irregularities, material breach or poor implementation performance.

6. PROCUREMENT

6.01. The procurement of goods and services (including consultants’ services) for activities

financed by the Grant will be carried out in accordance with the NEMC’s standard practices and

procedures, including its procurement and consultants’ guidelines. In the event that the

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Implementing Entity makes any disbursements in a manner which the Board considers to be

inconsistent with the AF Operational Policies and Guidelines, it will so inform the Implementing

Entity giving the reasons for its view and seeking a rectification of the inconsistency. If the

inconsistency cannot be resolved, the Implementing Entity shall refund to the AF Trust Fund,

through the Trustee, any such disbursements.

7. RECORDS AND REPORTING

7.01. The Implementing Entity shall provide to the Board, through the Secretariat, the following

reports and financial statements:

(a) An inception report submitted to the secretariat no later than one (1) month after the

inception workshop has taken place. The start date of the Project is considered the date of the

inception workshop;

(b) Annual Project Performance Reports (PPR) on the status of the Project implementation,

including the disbursements made during the relevant period and net investment income earned

from the Grant funds and the associated expenditures, or more frequent progress reports if

requested by the Board. The PPR shall be submitted on a yearly basis one (1) year after the

start of Project implementation and no later than two (2) months after the end of the reporting

year;

(c) A mid-term evaluation, prepared by an independent evaluator selected by the Implementing

entity for any Project that is under implementation for over four (4) years; the mid-term

evaluation should be submitted to the Fund Secretariat within six (6) months of the mid-point of

Project implementation;

(d) A Project completion report, including any specific Project implementation information, as

reasonably requested by the Board through the Secretariat, within six (6) months after Project

completion;

(e) A final evaluation report prepared by an independent evaluator selected by the Implementing

Entity. The final evaluation report shall be submitted within nine (9) months after Project

completion. Copies of these reports shall be forwarded by the Implementing Entity to the

Designated Authority for information; and

(f) A final audited financial statement of the Implementing Entity Grant Account including net

investment income earned, prepared by an independent auditor or evaluation body, within six

(6) months of the end of the Implementing Entity’s financial year during which the Project is

completed.

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8. MANAGEMENT FEE

8.01. The Board authorizes the Implementing Entity to deduct from the total amount of the Grant

and retain for its own account the management fee specified in Schedule 2 to this Agreement.

9. OWNERSHIP OF EQUIPMENT

9.01. If any part of the Grant is used to purchase any durable assets or equipment, such assets

or equipment shall be transferred upon the completion of the Project to the Executing

Entity/Entities or such other entity as the Designated Authority may designate.

10. CONSULTATION

10.01. The Board and the Implementing Entity shall share information with each other, at the

request of either one of them, on matters pertaining to this Agreement.

11. BRANDING

11.01. The Implementing Entity shall, where feasible, endeavor to maximize opportunities for

acknowledging the identity of the Project grant provided by the Adaptation Fund (e.g., through

use of the Adaptation Fund logo, and appropriate references in reports, publications, information

given to beneficiaries and press, related publicity materials, and any other forms of public

information).

12. COMMUNICATIONS

12.01. All communications between the Board and the Implementing Entity concerning this

Agreement shall be made in writing, in the English language, to the following persons at their

addresses designated below, by letter or by facsimile. The representatives are:

For the Board:

Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat

1818 H Street, NW

Washington, D.C. 20433

USA

Attention: Adaptation Fund Board Chair

Fax: +1 202 522 3240

For the Implementing Entity:

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National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

P.O Box 63154, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Attention: Fredrick Mulinda, NIE Focal Point

Telephone number: +255 75 3240517 Fax: +255 22 2774901

E-mail address: nieaf@nemc.or.tz, kasigazi.koku@gmail.com

13. EFFECTIVENESS AND AMENDMENT OF THE AGREEMENT

13.01. Upon receipt by the Adaptation Fund Board of this countersigned copy, this Agreement

shall become effective as of the date of countersignature by the Implementing Entity.

13.02. This Agreement may be amended, in writing, by mutual consent between the Board and

the Implementing Entity.

14. TERMINATION OF THE AGREEMENT

14.01. This Agreement may be terminated by the Board or the Implementing Entity, by giving

prior written notice of at least ninety (90) days to the other.

14.02. This Agreement shall automatically be terminated in the event of:

(i) cancellation of the Implementing Entity’s accreditation by the Board; or

(ii) receipt of a communication from the Designated Authority that it no longer endorses the

Implementing Entity or the Project.

14.03. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Board and the Implementing Entity shall

consider the most practical way of completing any ongoing activities under the Project, including

meeting any outstanding commitments incurred under the Project prior to the termination. The

Implementing Entity shall promptly refund to the AF Trust Fund, through the Trustee, any

unused portion of the Grant, including any net investment income earned therefrom. No Grant

funds shall be disbursed after termination.

14.04. In the event of expiration of accreditation and/or the Board’s decision to not to reaccredit

the Implementing Entity, the responsibilities and obligations in this Agreement survive

and shall be unaffected, and the Implementing Entity shall continue to disburse the Grant funds,

in accordance with its standard practices and procedures and the AF Operational Policies and

Guidelines to the extent necessary to fulfill the Implementing Entity’s obligations here under.

15. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

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15.01. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the

breach, termination or invalidity thereof, will be settled amicably by discussion or negotiation

between the Board and the Implementing Entity.

15.02. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the

breach, termination or invalidity thereof, which has not been settled amicably between the Board

and the Implementing Entity shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL

Arbitration Rules as presently in force.

THE ADAPTATION FUND BOARD

Mattias Broman, Chair Date

National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

Dr. Samuel Gwamaka Mafwenga,

Director General

Date

___________________________________________________________________

[The following Schedules will be attached to the Agreement: Schedule1 (Project Proposal) and

Schedule 2 (Disbursement Schedule)].

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07-okt-2021

13-Oct-2021

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SCHEDULE 1

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PART I: PROJECT/PROGRAMME INFORMATION

Project/Programme Category: Regular Project

Country/ies: United Republic of Tanzania

Title of Project/Programme: Bunda Climate Resilience and Adaptation Project

Type of Implementing Entity: National Implementing Entity (NIE)

Implementing Entity: National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

Executing Entity/ies: Bunda District Council

Amount of Financing Requested: 1,400,000 (In U.S Dollars Equivalent)

1.0 Project Background and Context

1.1 Brief background on what the project aims to solve

Bunda district represents the section of poor rural communities of Mara region in the Lake

Victoria Zone of Tanzania, who are already vulnerable to impacts of climate change1. Key

climate elements like temperature, rainfall and wind speed have been shifting their historical

trends and magnitudes over time. As a result, extreme climate and weather driven events such as

droughts, prolonged dry periods, erratic rainfall and strong winds are more common across the

district nowadays2. The observed climate vagaries coupled with high poverty level have already

caused their toll to people, their socio-economic, livelihood and environmental systems. Crop

failures, water scarcity and livestock deaths due to drought are already common events in the

area. Rainfall seasons and number of rainy days has greatly changed and declined, affecting

economic, social, environment and peoples’ livelihoods. Communities are experiencing failures

of their traditional livelihood systems with no replacement or alternatives3. Dependence on

fishing is also under threat due to catch decrease. As a result, the Poverty and Human

Development Report released in 2005 by the United Republic of Tanzania ranked the district as

the poorest with the highest rates of income poverty. More than half (68%) of the population are

living below the basic needs’ poverty line. Projected climate change scenarios by the Tanzania

Meteorological Agency (2014), show that, the district will experience more temperature increase

in future while drought and dry spell periods will intensify. Rainfall pattern in the area is

projected to be more unreliable and number of rainy days will be further reduced, while flushing

and catastrophic floods will be more pronounced4. Many future climate-change impacts are

predicted to accelerate multiple challenges across the district, affecting nearly all of the

population. These impacts are expected to include profound changes in water availability,

temperature stresses to human, livestock and crops, changes in farming practices, incomes and

food security, ecological disruption, and human health related impacts such as changes in disease

vectors and rangelands, spatial expansion of malaria and water borne diseases. Hence, it is

imperative that robust, technically-sound and multi- disciplinary, integrated concepts need to be

developed and sustainably implemented urgently in Bunda district, especially focusing on water,

agricultural and public health sectors.

1 The United Republic of Tanzania (URT), "Tanzania demographic and health survey (2010)," National Bureau of Statistics, Dar Es Salaam,

2011.

2 TMA, (2014).Climate change projection for Tanzania: A report Submitted to the Government of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam 33p.

3 UNDP(2014).Assessment study to identify Institutional, Legal and Financial Bottlenecks On Poverty – Environment (P-E) Implementation

at different levels of District, Ward and Village in Bunda District

4 Bamwenda G.R., Mashindano O., and Hangi M. (2013). Promoting Agriculture- Climate Change-Trade Linkages for Development in the

East African Community, PACT International.

PROJECT/PROGRAMME PROPOSAL TO THE ADAPTATION FUND

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Like many other rural setting districts in Tanzania and in the East African region, agriculture

(crop cultivation, fishery including aquaculture and livestock) and water sectors in Bunda are

important driver for economic growth, poverty alleviation, food security and rural communities’

development. The sectors employ more than 80% percent of human population, contribute to

approximately 95 percent of district food requirements, and accounts for about more than 80

percent of household’s income earnings3. However, high dependence on rain fed subsistence

agriculture, degradation of land and forest resources due to poor farming practices, unsustainable

charcoal production and fuel wood harvesting, declining fish stock, illegal and primitive fishing

practices and livestock grazing aggravate the impacts of climate change on peoples’ livelihood

systems, amplifying community’s vulnerability and limiting their adaptive capacity5. Reversing

this situation, improving environmental and life quality of people and achieving sustainable land

management is essential to address food insecurity, rural poverty and ultimately enhancing

resilience of communities and their adaptive capacity to climate change effects. While some

proposals for such interventions already exist in the district plans, their implementation lacks

behind.

Therefore, this project proposes to develop and implement concrete adaptation actions at grass

root levels to increase community livelihood resilience to climate change effects and cover the

following sectors; water resources and supply, agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture, livestock,

forestry and ecosystems and gender in relation to climate change. The project will apply

transformative integrated environmental management and aquaculture innovations, resilient rural

water supply systems and Ever-Green-Agricultural (EVA) practices to reduce vulnerabilities and

the impact of climate change on local communities in the district. This approach offers practical

and effective combination of Community-Based-Adaption and Ecosystem-Based-Adaptation

techniques to support transformation of livelihood system, combat poverty, enhance greater

climate resilience of rural communities and gender equality while reducing emissions through

long-term storage of carbon in landscapes. The project will implement concrete and practical

cost effective and multi-stakeholders adaptation solutions to improve livelihoods of the poor and

vulnerable communities in Bunda districts through the following five out comes:

i) Enhanced climate resilient water management and supply system in vulnerable agro-

Pastoral communities of Bunda District;

ii) Improved agricultural productivity, livelihood and agro-ecosystem resilience through

Climate Smart EVA practices;

iii) Traditional fishing practices of small scale fishers transformed and fishers’ income

improved through climate sensitive aquaculture innovations;

iv) Improved ecological and environmental services and functions to sustain climate

sensitive rural livelihoods in Bunda District; and

; and

v) Strengthened institutional capacity to reduce risks associated with climate-induced

socio-economic losses and livelihood failures in Bunda district.

5 Bunda District Baseline report 2013: Integrating Poverty-Environment-Gender objectives in district development plans for accelerating

economic and environmental sustainability

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1.2 Socio-economic, development and environmental context

1.2.1 Location and Topography

Bunda district (BD) is one of the five districts of Mara Region. It borders to the North by the

Musoma Rural District, to the South by Lake Victoria and Simiyu Region, to the East by the

Serengeti District, and to the West by Lake Victoria. BD is located at an elevation of 1,225

meters above sea level. Its coordinates are 2°0'0" S and 33°49'60" E in Degrees Minutes

Seconds. The district has an area of about 3080 sq. km, of which water occupies an area of 200

sq. km and land 2888 sq. km, which translate into 6.5% and 93.5% of the total area respectively.

For the land resources, about 480 sq. km is within the Serengeti national park and the rest is

agricultural land, grazing land, settlement and forest. The land area covered by Serengeti national

park is equivalent to 17% of the total land area therefore, highly influenced by Serengeti ecological

system. Administratively, Bunda District is divided into 4 divisions, 28 wards, 106 villages and

572 hamlets. Serengeti Division, however, has largest number of wards (10), village (29) and

hamlets (176) as compared to other divisions.

1.2.2 Socio-economic and development context

Bunda is one of the most densely populated districts in Tanzania with over 370,000 inhabitants

living in an area of 2888 square kilometers and with a growth rate of 1.8 %. Of the total

population 172,820 (51.6%) are female and 162,241 (48.4%) are male. Serengeti Division has

very high population compared to other divisions and Kenkombyo division has the lowest

population. Compared to 2002

census, the population has increased by 29.4%. This is a large

change and may impact various socio-economic development endeavors, including the optimal

allocation and use of the meagre financial resources and may strongly affect the level of

exploitation of the natural resources assets in the district.

Despite being one of the poorest districts in Tanzania with the highest rates of income poverty

where more that 68% of the population are living below the basic needs poverty line, the district

is on a positive growth trajectory. The number of people living below the national poverty line

has reduced from 68% in 2005/2001 to 55% in 2012. The Government of Tanzania, through the

district has taken a number of plans reforms and programme initiatives to ensure poverty

reduction, sustainable economic growth and the broader achievement of SDGs from national to

village and family levels. However, significant challenges remain particularly around the

agricultural sector growth, food security and water scarcity as illustrated by the National Bureau

of Statistics in 2012. Bunda District has predominantly agrarian economy with approximately

more than 90% of the population residing in rural areas and agricultural sector (agriculture,

fishery, livestock and forestry) providing around 80% of employment. Given its dominant role in

the peoples’ livelihood system and economy, and that more than 90% of households rely on

subsistence agriculture, fishing and livestock keeping, the majority of communities especially

women and other vulnerable groups are poor. Thus, supporting productive high value and

market-oriented agriculture and fisheries is both of national and district priorities in line with the

National Development Vision 2015, Five Year National Development Plan 2016/2021 and

Bunda District Strategic Plan 2016-2021, whereas environmental management, conservation of

natural resources and gender equality are cross-cutting addressed issues. Equally, the District

recognizes climate risks and has committed to implementing improved climate resilient and

adaptation including water management and aquaculture innovations and a sound biodiversity

conservation plans to combat deforestation, reverse land degradation and combat desertification.

Like at the national level, the District is also actively promoting gender equality and equity in its

by-laws and education plans and programmes. It has a proactive plans and strategies that

promote women participation in all areas of socio-economic life in the district and currently has a

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higher number of women led projects and departments.

1.2.3 Environmental context

Bunda District has a considerable diversity of environmental resources, including fishery

resources, good fertile soils, forests, minerals, fish, wildlife and an extensive network of

mountains ecosystem and wetlands. Despite of income poverty challenges, the forests and

environment sub-sector plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance, protect soils

from erosion and conserve water and wildlife. For instance:- Forests (and the expansive

woodlands, wooded grasslands and bush lands) are sources of domestic energy and also provide

a range of goods and services, including timber for furniture, useful non-wood products mainly

honey, bees wax and medicine and are habitats for a variety of flora and fauna. Wetlands

produce important goods for rural communities such as raw material for handicrafts; Support for

fisheries, grazing and agriculture and outdoor recreation bas well as ecosystem services,

including buffering the negative effects of excess nutrient loads and sedimentation by absorbing

nutrients and pollutants. Unfortunately, forests and woodlands are overexploited for production

of charcoal, firewood and house construction materials. Likewise, forests in the area are

threatened by illegal harvesting, fire wood, charcoal burning and destructive agricultural

activities due to population growth and lack of alternative sources of income.

• The ongoing deforestation has reduced the coverage of forests and woodlands and the

availability of associated goods including accelerating land degradation. Deforestation is

undertaken largely to provide firewood, charcoal and timber. For example, over 97% of

households use charcoal and firewood for cooking6.

• Across the district, wetlands have been severely degraded as a result of inter alia: a)

intensive cultivation of crops such as sweet potatoes and horticultural crops; b)

excavation of sand and clay for brickworks; and c) grazing activities.

• Fish abundance in the has declined as a result of intensive fishing efforts and overfishing,

changes in Lake Victoria’s hydrology; iii) anthropogenic pollution; and iv) the invasion

of exotic species7. Community and artisanal fishing efforts are showing decreased catch

yields, despite intensified fishing efforts, increased number of fishers and improved

fisheries’ management6.

• Natural and traditional water sources such as seasonal rivers and springs are no longer

reliable. Drinking water quality and quantity has been impaired by both anthropogenic

factors and environmental issues including climate change related factors.

1.3 Climate change context

1.3.1 Climate trends

Bunda district has complex climate with wide variations across the district, characterized by

seasonality. The annual average temperature ranges from 21˚C to 30˚C. There are two rainy

seasons, February –May and August to December with an annual average rainfall of 1100 mm.

The highest monthly average rainfall, observed in April, is 110 mm. Recent analysis of rainfall

trends shows that, rainy seasons are becoming shorter with higher intensity leading to decreases in

agricultural production and events such as droughts and floods. From data analysis and trends and

the UMFULA report, monthly and annual total rainfalls recorded between 2005 and 2015 were

generally lower than the average recorded between 1961 and 1990. Moreover, rainfall in April,

the month with the highest rainfall, has been dramatically reduced (27%, 48%, 88%, 70% and

52% of the average rainfall recorded for this month between 1961 and 1990 respectively in 2010,

2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014)8. The average number of rainfall days per year has also declined

6 Bunda District Council, 2014

7 UNEP. 2006. Lake Victoria Basin environment outlook: environment and development. UNEP, Nairobi

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from 138 between 1971 and 1990 to 92 days between 1991-2015. Similarly, the monthly

average rainfall totals decreased between1991 and 2015. This is also confirmed by the total

annual mean rainfalls which have decreased from 980 mm to 720 mm. Despite the overall

downward trend in annual rainfall, the recorded rainfall for September, November and

December has been higher than normal. For example, the mean monthly total rainfall for

September in 2012 was 108.7 mm compared with only 38.6 mm for the period 1961-1990. Most

of this type of flushing rain usually falls in one day in the month and causes catastrophic and

heavy floods. Nowadays rainfall in Bunda district has become increasingly erratic and

unpredictable. Some areas are already undergoing gradual shift from bimodal to unimodal.

Local experience indicates that, between 1981and 2016 most parts of the district are growing

drier while extreme weather events especially droughts and floods are becoming more common.

Since late 1950s to date, Bunda district continued to experience rising temperatures, and

warming trend is more pronounced in mean annual minimum temperature. Available climate

information confirms that, mean annual temperature has increased by 1.0˚C since 1960, an

average rate of 0.23˚C per decade. The rising rate is more rapid for periods/seasons covering

January and February while display slowest rate for periods covering June, July, August and

September8, 9.

Figure 1: Historical average rate of change for temperature in Bunda district since

1951-2001(Source10)

Daily temperature observations in Bunda district show only small increasing trends in the

frequency hot days, but much larger increasing trends in the frequency of hot nights. The average

number of ‘hot’ days in the United Republic of Tanzania has only increased significantly in

December- January –February (DJF) when the average number of hot DJF days has increased by

2.5 days per month (an additional 8.2% of DJF days) between 1960 and 2003. The average

number of ‘hot’ nights per year increased by 50 (an additional 13.6% of nights) between 1960

and 2003. The rate of increase is seen most strongly in DJF when the average number of hot DJF

nights has increased by 6 days per month (an additional 19.8% of DJF nights) over this period.

8 Future Climate for Africa: Tanzania country brief 2017

9 Tanzania dashboard. Available at:

http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=TZA&ThisTab=ClimateBaseline

10 Draft stocktaking report of the National Adaptation Plan –NAP, 2018

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The frequency of cold days has not changed discernibly, despite the observed increases in mean

temperature. The frequency of cold nights has, however, decreased significantly in all seasons.

The average number of ‘cold’ nights per year has decreased by 34 (9.3% of days). This rate of

decrease is most rapid in DJF when the average number of cold DJF nights has decreased by 3.6

nights per month (11.5% of DJF nights) over this period

Figure 2: Observed annual and seasonal temperature (0C) in Bunda for the period covering 1976

-2005. Seasons are March to May (MAM), October to December (OND) and October to the

following March (ONDJFM) Source 11.

1.3.2 Future climate change/future climate projections

Most of available climate model projections indicate that Bunda District and all regions around

Lake Victoria will have higher future rainfall amount11. Available climate information agree

strongly for future decrease in the mean number of rainy days and increases in the amount of

rainfall/rainfall insensity for each rainy day. All projections of future precipatation suggest more

variability in rainfall with both likelihood of dry spells and higher likelihood of intense rainfall

events, more often associated with flooding. Mean rainfall is projected to increase slightly in

annual rainfall12, and the increase is said to be similar throughout the District areas, but the

seasonal patterns of change will be more complex13. However, many analyses and Observations

of past rainfall data in Bunda district show significant decreasing trends in annual, June –July-

August-September(JJAS) and March-April-May rainfall.

As explained earlier, all parts of Bunda District like in most districts and regions in the United

Republic of Tanzania are growing hotter14. It is very likely that, throughout the District,

temperature will increase by 1.0 to 2.7˚C by the 2060s, and 1.5 to 4.5˚C by the 2090s. However,

the range of projections by 2090s under any one emissions scenario is 1.5-2.0˚C. All projections

indicated that:- a) Hot’ days will occur on 19-40% of days by the 2060s, and 19-65% of days by

the 2090; b) Nights that are considered ‘hot’ for the annual climate of 1970-1999 are projected to

increase more quickly that hot days, occurring on 30-68% of nights by the 2060s and 35-91% of

11 URT,2014: Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan 2014-2019

12 TMA 2014, Climate change projection for Tanzania.

13 UNDP 2010, Climate change country profiles: Improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate change information for studies of

climate change in developing countries.

14 Wambura et al (2014). Projections based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model using Mid-Century

Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. A total of twenty global circulation models (GCMs) were downscaled based on the eleven

Tanzania climatological zones using thirteen synoptic weather stations.

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nights by the 2090s; c)Nights that are considered hot for each season by1970-1999 standards are

projected to increase particularly rapidly in December-January-February (DJF), occurring on47-

99% of nights in the season by the 2090s; and d) Decrease in the frequency of days and nights

that are considered ‘cold’ in the current climate. Events of cold days and nights are expected to

become exceedingly rare, with cold days occurring on 0-4% of days and cold nights occurring on

a maximum of 1% of days, and not at all under higher emission scenarios, by the 2090s14, 15.

1.3.3 Future effects of climate change

Predicted increase in the frequency of intense rainfall events indicates that, flooding is expected to

occur, particularly in low-lying areas of Bunda District. The frequency of droughts is also predicted

to increase, by 40–70%. Floods are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude in the low-lying

villages. As more 90% water sources are provided by direct rainfall, the predicted spatial variation in

rainfall patterns is expected to cause in changes in water availability and serious water scarcity in

various villages in the District. A predicted decline in rainfall volume per season, coupled with

increased variability in rainfall patterns, is expected to cause serious crop failures and reduce the

productivity of farming, for example more than 20% reduction of total food crop production in

the District and other areas around Lake Victoria zone by 2090

is predicted12,13,14,15. In addition,

the increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events is expected to increase livestock

mortality, decreased wild fish catches and abundance. Therefore, under the likely future

conditions of climate change, district food insecurity will be intensified and vulnerability of local

communities to climate shocks will be increased as livelihoods underpinned by fishing and

livestock activities including agriculture will strongly be marginalized. Because livelihoods and

several economic, livelihood activities and social life if communities in Bunda are reliant on

natural resources, climate change may indirectly result in negative socio-economic effects and

failures of the existed community social systems.

1.3.4 Climate Change and gender issues in Bunda district

In Bunda district, climate shocks such as irregular rain and periods of drought and heavy

rainfall are affecting everyone who relies on agricultural related sectors for survival. Moreover,

the effects of climate change are particularly pronounced on vulnerable groups such as the poor

and women in the district15. In most cases, data in the district indicate that, women are the most

affected group by all climate related effects and disasters as their ability to adapt these event is

poor. In addition, unequal access and control over assets mean that men and women do not have

the same adaptive capacity and bear a disproportionate burden of climate change consequences

due to their social roles, poverty and intra-household inequity16. Women are especially

vulnerable to seasonal, episodic weather and natural disasters because of their responsibility for

water procurement and household care, roles in securing food and fuel wood, reliance on low

technology for agriculture and greater exposure to risk in crisis and severe weather events that

may have been by climate by climate change. For instance, it is now common practices in the

district for women to undertake more responsibilities during famine and reconstruction of

homesteads while most men often emigrate and take refuge to other places away. Moreover,

climate change induced water scarcity and food shortage in the district has been linked with the

increased conflict within households, including incidents of gender-based violence and

abandonment. Children especially school girls are also considered more at risk to climate change

effects as they could more easily get sick or hurt due to the instability of the home and more

often are pulled out of schools. The proposed project will take into consideration various gender

roles in various activities and by using such information, develop gender sensitive and

15 Bwire,M.K (2018) Tackling "Climate Change” in Bunda district: Can Integration of Ecosystem-Based-Approach (EBA) and Community-Based- Approach

(CBA) be more effective? Perspectives from grass-root communities, unpublished paper

16 Bunda district Ciuncil,2018

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segregated adaptation mechanisms to combat adverse effects of climate change. For instance,

representation of women members in COWSOs will be given more emphases, number of women

groups and women stakeholders will be included in income generating activities including

engaging in aquaculture activities, small- scale irrigation, bee keeping activities, ecological

restoration activities and tree planting. The project will therefore ensure equal opportunity for

both women and men to participate in stakeholders’ meetings, implementation of project

activities, and training for capacity building in order to build their climate resilience while

addressing their differentiated vulnerability, and increase their adaptive capacity to adapt to

climate change impacts. See Annex 3 Summary of gender analysis against project components for

more details on gender issues considerations by the proposed project.

Figure 3: Evidences of gender poverty and vulnerability to climate change effects manifestations

in terms of housing condition and farm implements (hand hoe) ( source : Bunda District

Council, 2018)

1.4 Scope of the project and location of project areas

The project will implement concrete resilience and adaptation measures in selected communities

of Bunda District. The priority areas will include sustainable Socio-economic development and

environmental management with key activities in the water, agriculture, fishery, livestock,

forests and ecosystems management. The project areas cut across various Divisions, Wards and

Villages of Bunda District as shown in Table 2: The project areas are spread across the district

among communities with diverse cultures who derive their livelihoods from the environment and

are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The selected project areas are more

vulnerable to climate change effects and have significant water deficit and food shortage status

that makes the inhabitants to suffer the most to climate shocks and bad weather events like

drought and dry spells.

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Figure 4: Map of Bunda district showing the project sites

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1.5 Project objectives

The project will specifically target the most vulnerable groups who have less resource to adapt to

climate change in Bunda and is built on the principles of local empowerment through

engagement of vulnerable and grassroots communities such as farmer groups and village

governments and community groups. Therefore, the overall objective of this project is to

enhance resilience and adaptive capacity to effects of climate change while reduce vulnerability

of selected communities in Bunda District. Specifically, the proposed project will be addressing

through the following specific objectives;

i) Enhance climate resilience for improved access to rural water supply system in selected

drought prone agro-pastoral communities of Bunda district;

ii) Improve agricultural productivity, livelihood and agro-ecosystem resilience through

Climate Smart EVA practices;

iii) Promote paradigm change of small-scale fishers for sustainable income and climate

resilient rural livelihood through aquaculture innovations in selected villages of Bunda

district;

iv) Improve ecological and environmental services and functions to sustain climate sensitive

rural livelihoods in selected rural communities of Bunda District;

v) Strengthening institutional capacity and knowledge management on climate change

adaptation.

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1.6. Project Components and Financing

Table 1: Logical framework for the proposed project including indicative activities and budget estimates

per components

Project

Components

Expected Concrete

Outputs

Indicative activities

Expected

Outcomes

Amount

(US$)

1. Enhancing

Climate

resilience

through water

supply system

of the drought

prone agropastoral

communities

1.1: Climate

resilient rural water

supply system

established in

selected drought

prone agro-pastoral

communities of

Bunda district

1.1.1 Rehabilitation of pump houses and

installation of submersible water pump at

Kasahunga, Mumagunga and Isanju water

sources. The rehabilitation and installation

of submersible water pumps will support

and create climate resilient water system for

rural communities over 36,519 water users

in 2021 to over 78,000 water users in 2050

by producing a total of 3,179.6 meter cubic

per day for the coming 25 to 30 years

Enhanced

climate

resilient

water

management

and supply

system in

vulnerable

agro-pastoral

communities

of Bunda

District

501,360.00

1.1.2 Rehabilitation and improve water

storage tanks at Isanju, Namhura,

Mumagunga and Kasahunga villages and

construct sump tank at Namhura village.

Five water storage tanks will be improved

through scrapping and plastering with

water proof materials i.e FIT bond

materials (internal and outside of the tank)

to provide 2 ladder, man hole cover, buck

meter 6”,Sluice valve 6’’ and fencing

1.1.3 Rehabilitate water network system

(about 11.5 kilometers) in Iramba, Neruma,

Namhura and Nyamihoro Wards covering

Nyamitwebili, Neruma, ,Kasahunga,

,Namhura, Isanju and Mwiruruma villages

and make them more climate resilient.

1.1.4 Extension of water network system (10.297

kilometers) for Kasahunga and Isanju water sources

to cover drought prone communities of

Mumagunga, Chamakapo and Mulanda villages in

Namhura and Neruma Wards.

1.1.5 Drill boreholes in drought prone villages

(Namalebe – Nakatuba, Igundu Nasululi and

Lagata) villages uncovered with water systems from

Kasahunga and Iramba surface water sources and

Install solar energy driven water pumps

1.1.6 Construct storage tanks and Water

Kiosk/Network for the drilled boreholes

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Project

Components

Expected Concrete

Outputs

Indicative activities

Expected

Outcomes

Amount

(US$)

1.2: Water

troughs for cattle

constructed in

selected agropastoral

communities

in Bunda district to

improved water

availability during

drought and dry

periods

1.2.1 Establish and/or strengthen water governance

structures/arrangements (COWSOs by considering

gender balance for selection of members of the

management team) to better manage water source,

equitable and gender sensitive water allocation for

human and other uses, and revenue collection and

develop by-laws for regulating effective use of

water resources and protection of rural water

infrastructures

1.2.2 Train selected members from COWSOs on

operation and maintenance of their climate resilient

rural water supply schemes to ensure sustainability.

2. Improving

agricultural

productivity,

livelihood and

enhancing

agroecosystem

resilience

through

Climate Smart

EVA practices

2.1 Climate Smart

EVA practices to

improve food security

through small scale

and micro-irrigation

schemes enhanced in

selected villages of

Bunda district

2.1.1 Construct and establish drip irrigation

structures/facilities Poly/sim tanks, PVCs, solar

pumps and net houses) for intensified horticultural

crops and relevant food crops at Mchingondo

(Buguma) and Mumagunga villages of Bunda

District Council

Improved

agricultural

productivity,

livelihood

and agroecosystem

resilience

through

Climate

Smart EVA

practices in

selected

village

communities

330,250.00

2.1.2 Construct and establish irrigation

structures/facilities of (water tank, PVCs, canals,

motorized pump, and electrical transformer) for

enhanced field crop (paddy) production at

Mchigondo (Buguma) village of Bunda District

Council.

2.2.3 Facilitate construction of two post-harvest

management centers/warehouses for paddy and

sunflower at Mchigondo (Buguma) and Kasuguti

villages of Bunda District Council using force

account modality.

2.1.4 Facilitate increased use of EVA practices and

drought tolerant and early maturing crops by

farmers in Bunda district council

2.1.5 Facilitate availability of crop value addition

technologies (modern paddy hulling machine,

sunflower seed pressing & oil refinery machine,

cassava graters and horticultural drying micro

technologies) for the farmer groups particularly for

Mchingondo, Mumagunga and Kasuguti in Bunda

District Council.

2.1.6 Capacity Building to farmers through training

programs on good agronomic practices through

farmers field schools, Female Farmers Field

Schools, Demo plots, Agroforestry of the selected

crops (Cassava, sweet potatoes, paddy, sunflower,

horticultural crops, agroforestry crops), operations

and maintenance of the constructed/installed

irrigation facilities, crop post-harvest management

practices and value addition.

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Project

Components

Expected Concrete

Outputs

Indicative activities

Expected

Outcomes

Amount

(US$)

2.1.7 Facilitate improved local chicken keeping

practices for Neruma, Mumagunga, Chingulubhila

and Namhura Villages as potential enterprises to

generate income and building resilience for the poor

households and women groups

3. Promoting

paradigm shift

of small scale

fishers for

sustainable

income and

climate

resilience

livelihood

through fish

farming

innovations in

selected

villages of

Bunda District

3.1 Traditional

fishing practices

transformed for

improved climate

resilient livelihood

and sustainable

income generating

activities in selected

villages of Bunda

District.

3.1.1 Construction of 10 earthen ponds sized 20 x

40 Meters for vulnerable small-scale fishing

communities (Women and youth groups inclusively)

at Buguma and Isanju villages

Traditional

fishing

practices of

small-scale

fishers

transformed

and’ income

improved

through

climate

sensitive

aquaculture

innovation

143,779.00

3.1.2 Introduction of an effective and efficient fish

culture techniques using Tilapia cages by

Establishing 10 Cages (Sized 5x5x2.5m. each) for

vulnerable small-scale fishing communities

(Women and Youth groups) at Buguma and Isanju

villages

3.1.3 Procure and introduce 107,000 fingerlings in

10 ponds and 20 cages

3.1.4 Purchase two Wooden Outboard Engine Boats

for the farmers at Both Buguma and Isanju Villages

3.1.5 Purchase of Feed for pre-nursery, Nursery,

Grow outs/Brooders and Hatchery feeders

3.1.6 Train community on Fish culture Techniques

and fishing skills at Cage sites in Lake Victoria

3.1.7 Facilitate establishment of one fish hatchery

for tilapia species at Buguma village

3.1.8 Facilitate construction of a two-room building

for feed preparation for the established fish

hatchery, purchase and enable installation of a

pelletizer and Feed mixing machine at Buguma

village

3.1.9 Facilitate introduction of modern techniques

for improved fish feeds formulation through use of

powder and pallets to promote sustainability.

3.1.10 Facilitate study Visit of selected fish farmers

on Tilapia Cage farming in Kisumu-Kenya to

appreciate livelihood transformation and available

climate sensitive fish farming techniques in the

region

3.1.11 Provide fish security management in ponds

and Cages at Buguma and Isanju villages

4. Improve

ecological and

environmental

services and

functi